Tag Archives: language

How We Teach Reading in a Montessori Classroom

by Mareme Konare, Early Childhood Head Teacher

Scope and Sequence

In a Montessori classroom, the Language area fosters reading, writing, and oral skills, with phonics as the foundation for literacy. Reading and writing are closely connected, creating a seamless learning experience. A rich vocabulary is integrated across all areas of the Montessori Prepared Environment: Practical Life, Sensorial, Math, Language, and Culture. This ensures language development is part of everyday learning.

Introduction to Sounds with Sandpaper Letters

The journey of teaching children to read begins with introducing letter sounds using materials like the Sandpaper Letters. These tactile materials are designed to teach both reading and writing. When children are first introduced to letters, the focus is on the sounds they make rather than their letter names. For example, we say “/a/” for the letter “a” and “/b/” for the letter “b”. This learning process is guided by a sequential method called the Three-Period Lesson.

The First Period of a Three-Period Lesson is when the teacher introduces the sound (“This is /a/”) while tracing the corresponding Sandpaper Letter. This tactile and auditory connection helps children develop a strong memory of both the letter’s shape and sound. In the Second Period, the teacher asks the child to identify the sound (“Show me /a/”). And finally, in the Third Period, the child is asked to recall the sound independently (“What is this sound?”) while referencing the Sandpaper Letter.

Once children grasp the concept of individual sounds, objects related to the sounds are then introduced. For example, the teacher may say, “/a/, /a/, apple,” emphasizing the first letter of the word. The child is then encouraged to match objects to their corresponding sounds, reinforcing their understanding. Children practice these sounds independently, and the teacher reviews their work after completion, giving follow-up lessons if necessary.

Progression Through Sound Material

To ensure systematic learning, sounds continue to be introduced a few at a time, focusing on the beginning, middle, and ending sounds of phonetic words, using both objects and picture cards. This progression allows teachers to track students’ progress effectively, prior to Word Building.

Introduction to the Moveable Alphabet

Once children are confident with individual sounds, they are introduced to the Moveable Alphabet. This material bridges the gap between recognizing sounds and forming words. After receiving a lesson on how to use the Moveable Alphabet, children are given Objects (e.g., cat, hat, etc.) or Picture Cards and encouraged to “encode” the word by arranging the corresponding letters (c-a-t). This process, known as “Early Writing”, helps children connect sounds to written forms and fosters creative expression through “inventive (or invented) spelling”.

At the next stage, children begin to “decode”. Decoding involves blending the sounds they’ve now learned in order to form complete words. For example, when presented with “c-a-t”, the child learns to say “cat” and can independently match the word to the corresponding Object or Picture Card. This process of moving from encoding to decoding culminates in the child experiencing the “aha moment” of reading.

Advancing Reading Skills

As children’s skills develop, they progress through three levels of reading:

Level 1: Simple Words
~ The focus is on three-letter phonetic words (consonant-vowel-consonant, or CVC), such as “cat” and “mat”.
~ Learning is supported by the Pink Series reading materials.

Level 2: Words with Blends
~ Blends such as “bl”, “st”, and “fl” at the beginning or end of words (“blob”, “nest”, and “flag”) are introduced.
~ Learning is supported by the Blue Series reading materials.

Level 3: Complex Words
~ Work includes lessons on phonograms, irregular spelling patterns, and silent letters (e.g., “ai” in “hair”, “sh” in “ship”, silent “e”, and the silent “k” in “knight”).
~ Learning is supported by the Green Series reading materials.

Picture and Word Matching to Comprehension

Some Montessori Language lessons require children to match words to objects or pictures, enhancing their vocabulary, comprehension, and fluency. As they progress, children begin matching phrases or sentences to corresponding objects or pictures, further developing their ability to understand context and meaning. For instance, when encountering the word “crust”, children use prior knowledge and contextual clues, such as a picture of a pie or the Earth to determine whether it refers to a pie crust or the Earth’s crust. This ability to connect words to meaning fosters vocabulary growth, critical thinking, and comprehension skills.

The Montessori Approach

In summation, the Montessori approach to teaching reading is a carefully structured, hands-on process that nurtures each child’s natural curiosity and ability. By emphasizing phonics and providing tactile, auditory, and visual experiences, we create a strong foundation for literacy. Through systematic progress from encoding to decoding and from concrete to abstract, children learn to read and develop a lifelong love for language.

Handwriting Without Tears in the Montessori Early Childhood Classroom

by Krissy Huetz, Early Childhood Head Teacher

Handwriting Without Tears (HWT) was developed by Occupational Therapist Jan Olsen and is a multi-sensory approach to teaching handwriting skills. This approach is designed to make the process of learning how to write less intimidating and more accessible for students of all ages and abilities. It emphasizes simple strategies and techniques to make handwriting a more enjoyable and successful experience for students. By breaking down the process of handwriting into straightforward steps, and using a variety of hands-on activities and tools, students are able to develop their handwriting skills in a way that is engaging and effective.

By teaching children how to form letters and words in a systematic way, the program helps build foundational skills that are essential for academic success. These skills include letter formation, spacing, sizing, and alignment. By mastering these skills, students are able to produce written work that is neat, organized, and easy to read. This not only benefits students in the classroom but also helps build their confidence and self-esteem.

Typically, when an educator speaks of the “Science of Reading”, the conversation is based on a collection of research that focuses on theories about how children best learn how to read. HWT aligns with this research, as it helps students develop phonemic awareness, build an understanding of phonics, and strengthen word recognition skills. It also facilitates fine and gross motor skills in order to build handwriting fluency. “Research shows that handwriting improves academic performance in all subjects, from science to math, reading, and social studies,” said Dr. Cheryl Lundy Swift, Professional Learning Director at Learning Without Tears.

The Early Childhood Montessori curriculum engages multiple senses in developing phonemic awareness and pre-handwriting skills. The Montessori approach recognizes and respects that students have different learning styles and preferences, and that engaging multiple senses can enhance both learning and retention. HWT incorporates a range of hands-on activities, such as utilizing wooden pieces and chalkboards, to help students develop their handwriting skills in a way that is fun and engaging. By incorporating movement, touch, music, and visual cues into the learning process, students are able to more effectively internalize the skills they are learning. The combination of the Montessori Method with HWT has proven to be very successful in supporting a student’s handwriting practice.

Overall, Handwriting Without Tears is a highly effective program for teaching handwriting skills to students of varying ages and abilities. By using this multi-sensory approach, focusing on foundational skills, and incorporating a unique style of handwriting practice, HWT helps students to develop efficient and legible handwriting that will serve them well throughout their academic and professional careers. The program’s emphasis on building confidence and self-esteem, as well as its commitment to making learning fun and engaging, makes it a valuable resource for Montessori educators and students alike.

Language Development: The Montessori Method and the Absorbent Mind

by Fiorella Benson, Early Childhood Head Teacher
(edited by Tori Inkley)

“So, the child, it is clear, does not inherit a pre-established model for his language, but he inherits the power of constructing a language by an unconscious activity of absorption.”
~ Dr. Maria Montessori (The Absorbent Mind)

Maria Montessori explained that human beings are born with a special mechanism that allows them to learn a language by interacting with people around them and from experiences within their environment. She believed that this period spans from birth to the age of six; a period during which children have an “absorbent mind”. Montessori observed that during the first three years, children follow a pre-determined plan in a process that is primarily unconscious, allowing them to absorb the structure of language and express themselves in sentences with the right syntax. The results of this first phase become evident during the period of the conscious mind between the ages of three and six, when children develop a sense of awareness, explore their environment through independent purposeful movement, and continue their development of language in reading and writing.

The Montessori Method in the Language Area takes into consideration this “sensitive period” of language when a child has an absorbent mind and highlights the importance of creating an adequately prepared environment to help the child’s individual ability to construct his or her own knowledge through work. The Language Area in the Montessori classroom combines the progression of a series of steps with appropriate materials to help the child develop language.

Children work with the Sequencing Materials first, as this helps to develop self-expression, communication, and classification. Sandpaper Letters follow, as they help the child explore the physical construction of the sound, as well as its phonetic importance. Children are introduced to sounds using the Three Period Lesson: “This is…”, “Show me…”, and “What is…”. They use their first and middle fingers to trace the letters while repeating the sounds they make. This activity prepares the child to write when she or he can hold a pencil properly, and it also helps the child to visualize the similarities and differences between the letters and to memorize sounds, which is another crucial step in reading. Following a multi-sensory approach, the child will then trace the letters on a chalkboard before progressively writing between two lines on paper using a pencil.

“Touching the letters and looking at them at the same time, fixes the image more quickly through the co-operation of the senses. Later, the two facts separate; looking becomes reading; touching becomes writing.” ~ Maria Montessori (The Montessori Method)

During this time, writing is also introduced so that the child develops an association between words that are being read and words that are written. One of the first steps is to strengthen the hand muscles and to familiarize children with the precision of movement used in writing by working with the Metal Insets. The child traces a pink metal frame with a colored pencil, and later, traces parallel lines from left to right.

The materials and activities in the Practical Life area improve hand-eye coordination and require the children to work from left to right and top to bottom, as they will do when writing and reading. Materials in the Sensorial area, such as the Touch Boards, the Touch Tablets, and the Knobbed Cylinders, help the child when preparing to work with the Sandpaper Letters and indirectly with handwriting.

On the road to reading, Montessori students work with the Large Movable Alphabet. They first receive lessons on building three-letter phonetic words using objects and picture cards, followed by building four-letter (or more) words using objects and pictures. Once this is mastered, the child will continue through the phonetic series of reading materials. From there, children progressively move on to more complex, non-phonetic words using the Small Movable Alphabet. Here, they learn consonant blends and phonograms and make booklets using both.

Teaching grammar is also part of the Montessori Method. Grammar exercises in the Montessori classroom that focus on Parts of Speech use different symbols and colors to represent nouns, adjectives, articles, verbs, and adverbs. Through various materials and activities that utilize cards and objects, children learn the function of the Parts of Speech and the correct order in which to place them in a sentence.

***Montessori Phonetic Farm – Nouns and Adjectives***

As with writing, the Montessori Method not only utilizes Montessori materials to help children learn how to read, but also exposes them to other meaningful experiences where reading is involved, such as listening to stories being read aloud that range from fiction to nonfiction to poetry and so on. These experiences allow the children to discover that language is a way to communicate ideas, understand the world around them, and be part of a community. This directly corresponds with Maria Montessori’s concept of Cosmic Education and assists children in developing a sense of gratitude for the Universe and their role within it. Children, unsuspectingly, discover that language is simply a foundational step on their individual educational journeys.

More Than Blocks

By: Alex Chiu and Hannah Ferris

There is no question that Montessori materials are beautiful and intriguing. However, there are often many questions asked about how these materials help children learn. Today, we’d like to give you a peek inside one of our Montessori classrooms with a close-up view of some of the most notable Montessori materials.

Maria Montessori, as a medical doctor, applied her knowledge of the developmental stages of the child to her educational method. She understood above all that children learn by doing. The materials that are used by our students today are specially designed to allow children to learn a lesson by engaging with them. In fact, many of these materials are designed according to specifications left behind by Dr. Montessori.

In our mixed-age (3-6 years) classrooms, the materials first are presented by the teacher and then utilized by the students at different levels of difficulty according what is appropriate for each child. The teacher introduces materials in a formal lesson where the teacher demonstrates how the materials are meant to be used. The child will then conduct the lesson independently according to teacher’s (usually non-verbal) demonstration.. Materials are controlled for error and the use of physical objects allows abstract, complicated ideas to become accessible to young children. As children become ready to learn more complex concepts, the same materials ‘grow’ with the children, offering new information to add to their understanding, moving from very concrete to more abstract learning.

This post will highlight one material from each of the five main areas of the prepared learning environment that MCA provides in its 3-6 classrooms. It will serve as an introductory guide to the Montessori curriculum and to the science behind the materials that your children encounter daily.

Practical Life

The Practical Life area of the classroom contains activities that are designed to improve fine motor skills through daily functions like spooning, pouring, and hand washing. Dr. Montessori believed that learning how to carry out daily functions fostered independence, coordination, concentration, and confidence even among her youngest students. At MCA, the youngest members of our family begin their Montessori journeys in the Practical Life area.

Parents and visitors alike are always amazed to see our students engaged in Food Preparation, using real cooking utensils, inviting friends to eat snack with them, and then cleaning up when they are finished. Child-sized tools welcome students to the Practical Life area and provide greater opportunity for success in completing the activities. Parents are delighted when the confidence and skills gained in this area transfers to home life and children participate in cooking, setting the table, and cleaning up with their families.

Recently, during our Montessori Education Week celebrations, our students demonstrated their Practical Life skills for parents and visitors. Using the ‘flower arranging’ materials, they made lovely decorations with fresh flowers for their classrooms to mark the 109^th anniversary of Montessori education. This task required planning, measuring, careful handling of the flowers, and resulted in making our classrooms bright and cheery. It was a popular Practical Life activity!

Sensorial

The Sensorial area of the classroom contains materials designed to develop sensory perception. The most basic materials, designed for the youngest students in the classroom, may force the isolation of the senses. For example, Color Tablets focus on the visual sense and Sound Boxes focus on the auditory sense. As students grow and progress in this area, the activities become more complex and begin to prepare children for reading, writing, math, and logical thinking.

The Pink Tower is perhaps the most famous Montessori material. The Pink Tower is more than blocks; the ten cubes are classified in size from one centimeter cubed to ten centimeters cubed. A child is able to visually and physically differentiate between large and small as he or she carries one cube at a time from the shelf to the workspace to construct the tower. This pattern of movement forces the child to be aware of the surroundings, to control the body, and to concentrate on the task. Over time, understanding of the ten size classifications of the cubes will help prepare the child’s mind for math.

Language

Although our classrooms have a specific Language area, language lessons are not restricted to just one part of the classroom. Students practice their spoken language and vocabulary skills through conversation with their teachers and classmates, by singing songs, and when engaged in reading or listening to stories at circle times. Like the Sensorial area, the materials in the Language area of the classroom gradually become more advanced, and the children’s language skills progress into independent reading and writing exercises.

Sandpaper Letters help with both verbal and written language skills. Consonants (pink cards) and vowels (blue cards) are introduced to students by their sounds to teach recognition of the letter. The focus is on the sound the letter makes rather than the name of the letter. This allows for greater ease and understanding when moving from sound identification to reading words and later, sentences and entire books. After the sound of the letter is presented, students are instructed to trace the letters with their middle and index fingers – the fingers they will later use to hold a pencil. Again, as we have seen with so many Montessori materials, this provides the foundation for future skills. Sandpaper Letters may be used in a variety of other activities, like forming patterns and complementing sound games. Students will move on to the Moveable Alphabet to make words and sentences once they have mastered recognition of letter sounds using the Sandpaper Letters.

Mathematics

Montessori math allows students to physically hold the materials they are counting. This teaches them to recognize and distinguish between quantities of the numbers 1 through 10 and beyond. Such a hands-on approach makes understanding abstract math concepts easier when the student is ready to forgo materials and do math in his or her head. More complex math lessons for children ages 3-6 years include an introduction to the decimal system with the Golden Bead Material and forming large numbers with Number Cards. Montessori students graduate Kindergarten with a very strong foundation of mathematical ideas.

Number Cards and Counters are used by children who are ready to demonstrate that they recognize the numbers and can relate quantity to numbers. Our students often use seasonally-themed objects to count instead of beads or discs. These Valentine hearts nicely complemented our February holiday celebration, which is part of the fifth and final area of the classroom: Culture.

Science and Culture

The area of the classroom dedicated to Science and Cultural studies encompasses many activities, including maps, flags, calendars, and holiday celebrations, as well as the study of plants and animals, changing seasons, simple machines, and how things work.

Through the study of geography and different cultures, tolerance, grace, and curiosity are fostered and contribute to the Montessori ideal of Peace Education. At MCA, we are fortunate to have families and staff from various cultural backgrounds across all three of our campuses. These members of our community truly complement the study of culture when they come into the classrooms and share traditions from their home countries.

Students use Puzzle Maps to gain understanding of both physical and political geography. This promotes curiosity about different countries and demonstrates to the children that the world is a big place!

Science exploration often overlaps cultural studies as students learn about animals and climates in the regions of the world that they are studying. Creating a relationship with nature by observing the changing seasons, collecting natural objects to study closely, and caring for plants and animals in the classroom also shows our students that there are connections to be made across all disciplines and in their lives both inside and outside of school.

In every 3-6 classroom at The Montessori Children’s Academy, you can distinguish between Practical Life, Sensorial, Math, Language, and Science and Culture areas. When observing our students during a work cycle, you will likely see materials from each area being used diligently and appropriately. Our teachers, who are skilled observers, determine when a child is ready to advance in a particular area to further sharpen his or her skills. Such careful observation on the part of our teachers provides great insights into each student’s personality and learning style, and therefore allows MCA’s teachers to give each student individualized lessons that will lead to their success. It is a very special environment indeed! The best way to learn more is to spend time in one of our classrooms. Call us to schedule a visit:

Morristown

(973) 410-9669

Chatham

(973) 665-0071

Short Hills

(973) 258-1400

Montessori Musings